Citizenship & Naturalization

Naturalization is the legal process by which a lawful permanent resident becomes a citizen of the United States. While a better life in the U.S. awaits naturalized citizens, it is important to understand the specific requirements that permanent residents must meet.

Basic Requirements for Naturalization

• Minimum time as a resident: Generally, 5 years as a lawful permanent resident. If you are married to a U.S. citizen, this may be reduced to 3 years.
• Continuous physical presence: You must demonstrate that you have been physically present in the United States for 30 months within the last 5 years (or 18 months within the last 3 years for spouses of U.S. citizens).
• Good moral character: Officers will review your history over the past 5 years. A criminal record, failure to pay taxes, or neglect of family obligations may disqualify you.
• English proficiency: You must demonstrate the ability to speak, read, and write basic English. Exceptions exist if you are over 50 years old and have been a resident for more than 20 years, or over 55 with 15 years of residency.
• Knowledge of U.S. history and government: You must correctly answer 6 out of 10 questions about American history and government.

The Citizenship Exam

The exam consists of three parts: an English conversation with the officer, an English reading and writing test, and questions about U.S. history and government. There are 100 study questions available, but you will only be asked 10.

After Approval

Once your application is approved, you will receive a notice to attend a naturalization ceremony. After taking the oath of allegiance, you will receive your certificate of citizenship, which you can use to apply for your U.S. passport.

Special Cases

Military Members: If you are a member of the U.S. Armed Forces, you may apply for expedited citizenship, even if you are stationed abroad.

Bankruptcy: Bankruptcy will not affect your ability to naturalize, as long as you file your tax returns each year.

What You Should Know

It is crucial to begin preparing as early as possible. The process can take between 6 and 12 months (up to 15 months currently). Do not pay notarios or unlicensed consultants — only a licensed attorney can represent you before USCIS.